The diagnosis of dysmenorrhea is based upon a womans medical history and physical examination. Its usual onset occurs around the time that menstruation begins. Treatment of secondary dysmenorrhea involves correction of the underlying organic cause. Dysmenorrhea is defined as pain during the period, or menses.
It is associated with a negative impact on social, academic, and sports activities of many female adolescents. The number of women experiencing dysmenorrhea every month is higher than we would like to think. Periodic use of analgesic agents as adjunctive therapy may be beneficial. Until recently, many medical and gynaecological texts ascribed the source of dysmenorrhoea to emotional or psychological problemsfor example, anxiety, emotional instability, a faulty outlook on sex and menstruation, and imitation of the mothers feelings about menstruation. The presence of leukotriene c4 and prostacyclinbinding sites in nonpregnant human uterine. Of these, dysmenorrhea is one of the common problems experienced by many adolescent girls. Dysmenorrhea refers to pain with menstruation and is classified into two categories primary and secondary. Common dysmenorrhea is characterized by pain in the lower abdomen or back and can be mild to severe. Secondary dysmenorrhea denotes menstrual cramps caused by some other. Menstruallike cramping dysmenorrhea from an underlying condition. Secondary causes for dysmenorrhoea must be excluded before a diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhoea is considered. Frequent signs and symptoms severity of symptoms varies from woman to woman and from one time to the next in the same woman. In the past, nonspecific treatments such as heat and exercise were found to be less effective. Further research into this condition is necessary so that there is more understanding of why there are such differences in the severity of symptoms among women.
Management of primary dysmenorrhea is directed toward excluding other causes of symptoms and identifying medical therapies that control the patients symptoms. Primary dysmenorrhea occurs in the absence of pelvic pathology. Gi upset, heartburn, nv, constipation, diarrhea, drowsiness, ha. Secondary dysmenorrhea or secondary menstrual cramps must be promptly identified, and most especially must not be erroneously treated by home selfcare as primary cramps. If secondary dysmenorrhea is suspected, further tests may be needed. Managing the pain of primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Once you merge pdfs, you can send them directly to your email or download the file to our computer and view. If it contracts too strongly during your menstrual cycle, it can press against nearby blood vessels. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of secondary dysmenorrhea is available below. However, about 10 percent of women have pain so excruciating every month it seriously hinders their daily lives. Menstruation pain dysmenorrhoea better health channel. It can start with your first period, or begin later in life. Primary dysmenorrhea is common menstrual cramps that are recurrent come back and are not due to other diseases.
May 18, 2017 is excessive menstrual pain interfering with your life. Dysmenorrhea is the leading cause of shortterm school absenteeism. Dysmenorrhea menstrual cramps womens health network. Reports of dysmenorrhea are greatest among individuals in their late teens and 20s, with reports usually declining with age. Dysmenorrhea can be controlled with lifestyle changes and medicines. Severe, sometimes incapacitating, symptoms occur in 2%29% of studied populations. Associated with underlying pathology endometriosis, fibroids, cancer, stds, pid, iuds. The mission of student health and counseling services is to enhance the physical and mental health of students in order to help them achieve academic success, personal development and lifelong wellness by providing an integrated program of quality, accessible, cost sensitive and confidential healthcare services, tailored to their unique and diverse needs and to assist the university community.
Secondary dysmenorrhea occurs in the presence of pelvic pathology. During the examination, the health care provider will observe and feel the size and shape of the vagina, cervix, uterus. The prevalence in adolescent females has been reported to be 67. Other symptoms may include back pain, diarrhea or nausea in young women, painful periods often occur without an. Symptoms may include cramping or pain in the lower abdomen, low back pain, pain spreading down the legs, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Nov 12, 2008 of these, dysmenorrhea is one of the common problems experienced by many adolescent girls. Secondary dysmenorrhea is pain caused by a disorder in the female reproductive organs.
The prevalence is difficult to determine because different definitions and criteria are used, and dysmenorrhea is often underestimated and undertreated. Most women deal with the dull cramping pain dysmenorrhea in their lower abdomen during their period which can be quite unpleasant. Dysmenorrhea clinical features of primary dysmenorrhea. Prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea, and management. Primary dysmenorrhea is most common in late adolescence and the. Primary is caused by prostaglandins, a chemical that lines the uterus and causes contractions. Menstrual cramps happen because of contractions in the uterus, or womb, which is a muscle. Risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea or more severe episodes include earlier age at menarche, heavy menstrual flow, nulliparity, and family history of dysmenorrhoea. The discomfort of dysmenorrhea causes unstable emotions, sleep disturbances, diet. Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by specific imbalances in the womans endocrine system during the menstrual cycle. Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by excess prostaglandin. Although a number of epidemiologic studies on dysmenorrhea have been conducted, most.
Specific measures medical or surgical may be required to treat pelvic pathologic conditions eg, endometriosis and to ameliorate the associated dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is a common cause of pain in young women. Once files have been uploaded to our system, change the order of your pdf documents. Sep 23, 2019 treatment of secondary dysmenorrhea involves correction of the underlying organic cause. It is the most common menstrual complaint, with 50%90% of women worldwide reporting painful menstruation. It is clinically and virtually impossible to use this code on a nonfemale patient. Symptoms symptoms that may be present include abdominal pain, cramping, low back pain or pain radiating down the upper legs.
Despite its high prevalence, dysmenorrhea is often underdiagnosed, inadequately treated, and normalized even by patients themselves, who may accept the symptoms as an inevitable response to menstruation. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. The pain is defined as primary if it cannot be ascribed to any other cause. A study of dysmenorrhea during menstruation in adolescent. Dysmenorrhea refers to painful uterine cramping associated with menses. Dysmenorrhea is the most commonly reported menstrual disorder. Some of the causes of secondary dysmenorrhoea include.
Dysmenorrhea is the common gynaecological problem in reproductiveaged women. Treatment approaches must address the pain and, for secondary dysmenorrhea, the underlying etiology. Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain thats not a symptom of an underlying gynecologic disorder but is related to the normal process of menstruation. Dysmenorrhea, also known as dysmenorrhoea, painful periods, or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea refers to common menstrual cramps, while secondary dysmenorrhea results from a disorder in the reproductive organs. Cramping and, sometimes, sharp pains in the lower abdomen, lower back, and thighs. A study done in sweden 2 showed that more than 50% of all menstruating women experience some discomfort. Nov 20, 20 dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is a term describing painful menstruation that typically involves cramps caused by uterine contractions. Dysmenorrheal definition of dysmenorrheal by the free. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea in women aged 16. Evaluation of dysmenorrhea differential diagnosis of.
Menstrual pain that starts after an initial period of painfree menses. Abnormal tissue growth, like with endometriosis and adenomyosis, where the tissue grows outside the uterus or into the uterine muscle causes pain during menstruation and leads to secondary dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is estimated to affect approximately 25% of women. Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain with menstruation. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of both primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea can lead to significant improvements in patients quality of life wolfe and schumann, 1999. Menstrual cramps also known as dysmenorrhea are painful, cramping, or throbbing sensations that occur before and during a menstrual period. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its correlating lifestyle. Primary dysmenorrhea is crampy pelvic pain that lasts more than several days during your monthly blood flow.
Dysmenorrhea has been estimated to be the greatest cause. A study done in sweden showed that more than 50% of all menstruating women experience some discomfort. The symptoms can be caused by excess hormone production. Dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin.
More than one half of women who menstruate have some pain for 12 days each month. For some women, this pain is severe and limits normal activities. A study of dysmenorrhea during menstruation in adolescent girls. Yusoff dawood, md primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps without any evident pathology to account for them, and it occurs in up to 50% of menstruating females and causes significant disruption in quality of life and absenteeism. Dysmenorrhea, painful menstruation, is one of the most common gynecologic disorders. A study of prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea and its.
Dysmenorrhea, pain or painful cramps felt before or during menstruation. Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is a term describing painful menstruation that typically involves cramps caused by uterine contractions. Painful periods cause severe cramps and pain during a womans period. Nsaids can cause stomach bleeding or kidney problems in certain people.
Other articles where secondary dysmenorrhea is discussed. Symptoms of secondary dysmenorrhea include pulsating abdominal pain, cramps, lower back and leg pain, distended abdomen, and stool change. Dysmenorrhea is more common in working women and in women who scored higher on the hassle scale, which is a measure of the stresses or difficulties experienced. If a medical problem is found, your healthcare provider will discuss treatments. Secondary dysmenorrhea symptoms, diagnosis, treatments and. Secondary dysmenorrhea definition of secondary dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea causes, symptoms, treatment, diagnosis. It can be caused by genital obstructions, pelvic inflammation or degeneration, abnormal uterine wall separation or development i. Secondary dysmenorrhea is often caused by abnormal tissue growth, infection, cysts, fibroids, or a small cervical opening. Other therapy used to tx primary dysmenorrhea continuous lowlevel topical heat therapy has been shown to be as effective as ibuprofen in treating dysmenorrhea diets low in fat and meat products seem to help decrease serum sex binding globulin and decrease the duration and intensity of dysmenorrhea. Drug dosage cost celecoxib celebrex 400 mg initially.
Dysmenorrhea may be primary, existing from the beginning of periods, or secondary, due to an underlying condition. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Dysmenorrhea is a term describing painful menstruation that typically involves cramps caused by uterine contractions. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs used in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It can be accompanied by a number of related symptoms, including bloating, nausea, vomiting, headaches, backaches, pain that radiates down the thighs, and diarrhea. In addition to lower pelvic discomfort, women may also experience low back pain, radiation of pain to the anterior thighs, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and various other symptoms starting 1 to 3 days before the onset of menses and typically lasting through the. When there is secondary dysmenorrhea with an underlying condition contributing to the pain, the prognosis depends on the successful treatment of that underlying condition. Selected text, research, clinical articles, and personal communication with expert. Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common type of dysmenorrhea, affecting more than 50% of women, and quite severe in about 10%.
It can be related to an underlying conditions such as endometriosis. Self care for dysmenorrhea menstrual cramps description painful menstrual cramps. The nature of the dysmenorrhoea was ascertained according to time of onset in relation to menarche primary onset at menarche, versus secondary onset some years after menarche. Dysmenorrhea in this study was defined as experiencing moderatesevere menstrual pain, which adversely affects daily activities. Dysmenorrhea refers to pain and cramping during menses that, when severe, may interfere with normal functioning. Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhea request pdf. Dysmenorrhea is characterized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain during your period.
Dysmenorrhea many women experience pain and cramps that occur with menstruation. To provide a case study for the discussion, diagnosis, management, and comprehensive plan of care for primary dysmenorrhea, secondary dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia for the advanced practice registered nurse aprn working in primary care data sources. A case study and comprehensive differential diagnosis and. This medicine is available with or without a doctors order. Dysmenorrhoea was defined as period pain of any severity in the six months preceding questionnaire completion. Primary dysmenorrhea advances in pathogenesis and management m. Dysmenorrhea painful menstrual cramps pathophysiology o 1. It is the greatest single cause of lost work and school days among young women. Dysmenorrhea clinical evidence handbook american family.
If you use tampons and develop the following symptoms, get medical help right away. It is commonly divided into primary dysmenorrhea pain without organic pathology and secondary dysmenorrhea pelvic pain. These can start before or at the onset of the period and continue for 1 to 3 days. Dysmenorrhea may be primary, with no associated organic pathology, or secondary, with demonstrable pathology. Pdf merge combine pdf files free tool to merge pdf online. Ocp, transdermal patch, vaginal ring progestinonly contraceptives may also be used prognosis, prevention, and complications for women who complete 3 months of nsaids andor. Dysmenorrhea student health and counseling services. Physical examination women with dysmenorrhea should have a complete abdominal and pelvic examination. Methods participants were recruited via targeted facebook advertising and asked to complete an online questionnaire covering medications, menstruation and lifestylerelated themes. When this occurs, nausea and vomiting may be common during a womans period. Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by prostaglandininduced uterine. The pain usually begins when menses start or just before and persists for the first 1 to 2 days.
Primary dysmenorrhea begins within a year after menarche and occurs almost invariably in ovulatory cycles. Secondary dysmenorrhea is the occurrence of the same symptoms in response to underlying pathology, such as endometriosis or adenomyosis. Dysmenorrhea, also known as painful periods or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. Pain usually begins 1 or 2 days before, or when menstrual bleeding starts, and is felt in the lower abdomen.
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